Iyini i-Aerogel?

Ukuzalwa kuka-Airgel

Ngo-1931, u-Kistler wahlukanisa uketshezi nokuqinile ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokomisa ngokweqile enotshwala futhi wagcina ukwakheka kwegesi ekuncipheni nasekuwohlokeni, okwaphumela ekubeni i-airgel emhlabeni.

Incazelo ye-Airgel
I-Airgel iyimpahla eqinile ye-nano-porous amorphous engasindi ene-nanometer-scale micro-particles ehlanganiswe nomunye ukuze yakhe isakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezimbotshana ze-nanometer-scale futhi igcwaliswe ngenani elikhulu lemidiya yokuhlakazwa kwegesi kuhlaka lwamathambo enethiwekhi.

I-Aerogels ayiyona nje into esebenzayo, kodwa futhi isimo esisha sendaba. Isimo se-airgel sihluke kakhulu kwezinye izimo zendaba ezindaweni eziningi. Inosayizi ogxilile kanye nokuma okufana nohlobo oluqinile, nokho ukuminyana kwayo okubonakalayo kungasuka ku-1 g/cm³ kuya ku-0.001 g/cm³ (ngaphansi kokuminyana komoya); ngesikhathi esifanayo, inesakhiwo se-sponge esinezimbotshana, esinezici eziningi ze-microscopic (i-nano-scale skeleton), i-macroscopic (i-condensed matter) kanye ne-mesoscopic (isakhiwo samazinga amaningi kanye nesakhiwo se-fractal), okwenza ama-aerogel abe nezinto eziningi eziyingqayizivele. Ibonisa i-conductivity ephansi kakhulu yokushisa, i-modulus ephansi kakhulu yokunwebeka, izinga le-phonon eliphansi kakhulu, inkomba ye-refractive ephansi kakhulu, i-dielectric engaguquki, isivinini esiphansi kakhulu somsindo, indawo ethile ephezulu, ukuminyana okubanzi kakhulu kanye nokusabalalisa inkomba ye-refractive, njll.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Aerogels
Kukhona anhlobonhlobo aerogels, amboze cishe zonke izinhlelo ezibonakalayo. Ngokuvamile, ngokokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, angahlukaniswa abe ama-aerogel aphilayo, ama-aerogel angaphili kanye nama-aerogel ahlanganisiwe, njll.

Isimo Nendima Ye-Aerogels
Ososayensi bathi ama-aerogel azoshintsha umhlaba.

I-Airgel ifakwe ohlwini njengenye yezindaba ezishisayo eziyi-10 zesayensi nobuchwepheshe kumagazini wama-250 wephephabhuku lase-US iSayensi. Ngomhla zingama-20 ku-Agasti 2007, i-Times yabika ukuthi i-airgel iqinile kancane emhlabeni engamelana nokuqhuma kwe-1kg ye-dynamite futhi ikugcine ungangeni ekushiseni kwe-blowtorch engaphezu kuka-1300°C. Ososayensi bahlola ukusetshenziswa kwe-airgel kuyo yonke into kusukela kumasudi asemkhathini avaleleke kakhulu kuya kuma-supercapacitor kuya kuma-catalyst kuya esizukulwaneni esilandelayo samarakhethi ethenisi. I-Airgel ithembisa ukuqhudelana nezizukulwane zezinto ezidumile ezifana ne-phenolic resin kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930s, i-carbon fiber kusukela ngawo-1980s kanye ne-silicone kusukela ngawo-1990.

I-Airgel ifakwe ohlwini lwe-Guinness Book of Records izikhathi eziningana njengeqinile elilula kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Airgel iphinde ibe ne-thermal conductivity ephansi kakhulu kanye ne-refractive index futhi i-insulating izikhathi ezingu-39 kunemicu yengilazi engcono kakhulu. I-Airgel isetshenziselwe ukuvikela ukushisa esiteshini sase-Russian Mir kanye ne-US Mars Pathfinder rover, futhi kakade isidlale indima ebalulekile embonini ye-aerospace.

Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa kwe-Airgel
Ngo-1931, ama-aerogel alungiswa okokuqala nguKistler eStanford University, eU.SA.
1985, uchungechunge lokuqala lwama-aerogels, olwaziwa nge-ISA, lwahlelwa yi-Institute of Physics eNyuvesi yaseWürzburg, eJalimane.
Ngo-1993, ama-aerogel asetshenziselwa ukufaka amasudi omkhathi, imikhumbi-mkhathi kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi.
2002, i-Aspen Aerogel, inkampani ye-NASA, yasungulwa ukuze ithuthukise futhi ikhiqize ama-aerogel.
2004, ucwaningo lwe-airgel olwenziwa izikhungo zocwaningo zasekhaya zaseShayina.
Ngo-2006, izinkampani zasekhaya ze-airgel e-China zaqala ukuthuthukisa ama-aerogel.
I-2017, i-China yamemezela, i-GB/T 34336-201, Imikhiqizo Yokufaka I-Airgel Composite engenzi lutho
Ngo-2021, uMkhandlu Wezwe wakhipha, "Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lwe-Carbon Efinyelela Esiqongweni Ngo-2023" mayelana nokusheshisa ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwe-carbon fiber, i-aerogel, insimbi ekhethekile nezinye izinto eziyisisekelo.

Izici ezibalulekile ze-Aerogels
(1) Ukukhanya okukhulu. I-Airgel iqinile kancane emhlabeni, inobukhulu obuncane bokuminyana kokukodwa kwesithupha kwesisindo somoya. Ububanzi bokuhlukahluka kokuminyana ngokuvamile bungu-0.001~1g/cm³.

(2) I-porosity ephezulu kanye nendawo ethile ephezulu. I-porosity ingu-80% ~ 99.9%, indawo ethize engu-200 ~ 1000m2 / g, futhi usayizi ojwayelekile wama-pores ngu-1 ~ 100nm.

(3) Ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu. Isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-aerogel emincane ye-nano-network sikhawulela ngempumelelo ukusabalala kwe-thermal excitation, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwayo kwe-thermal-state okuqinile kungama-oda angu-2~3 obukhulu aphansi kunalowo wento eyingilazi ehambisanayo.

Umgomo we-airgel insulation thermal
Ukudlulisa okushisayo okuncishisiwe: Inombolo engapheli yama-nanoparticles ku-airgel yakha i-mesh skeleton, futhi ukushisa kungageleza kuphela ngenani elingapheli lama-nanoparticles. Ukugeleza kokushisa kungenziwa kuphela ngenani elingapheli lama-nanoparticles, okuholela endleleni ecishe ingapheli yokudlulisa ukushisa kokuqinile. Ukudluliswa kokushisa kokuqinile kuyancishiswa kuya ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukuvinjelwa kokuguquguquka kokushisa : Usayizi ojwayelekile we-pore yama-aerogels ungama-20-40 nm, okuncane kunesilinganiso samahhala sama-molecule egesi angama-69 nm, futhi ama-molecule egesi kuma-pore alahlekelwa ikhono lawo lokuhamba ngokukhululeka, okwenza ukuguquguquka kokuguquguquka kube nzima.

Imisebe yokushisa encishisiwe : Izindonga zembobo ezakhiwe yizinhlayiya ezincane kuma-aerogel ziyizivikelo ze-infrared, futhi inani elingenamkhawulo lezivikelo linciphisa kakhulu imisebe yokushisa.

(4) I-Catalysis. Usayizi wezinhlayiyana ezincane, indawo ethile ephezulu kanye nokuminyana okuphansi kwe-airgel kwenza umsebenzi kanye nokukhetha kwama-catalysts e-airgel kuphakame kakhulu kune-catalysts evamile, futhi izingxenye ezisebenzayo zingahlakazwa ngokufana kakhulu kumthwali, futhi futhi inokuqina okuhle kakhulu kokushisa, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuvela kokusabela ohlangothini.

(5) Ukuvala umsindo. Izici zesivinini somsindo ophansi wama-aerogels ziwenza abe into efanelekile yokubambezeleka kwe-acoustic noma izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokufakwa komsindo. Uhlu oluguquguqukayo lwe-acoustic impedance ye-airgel likhulu [103 ~ 107kg/(㎡-s)], okuwumsebenzi ofaneleka kakhulu wokuhlanganisa ukumelana ne-acoustic yezitholi ze-ultrasonic. Ukumelana kwe-acoustic kwe-piezoelectric ceramics esetshenziselwa amajeneretha e-ultrasonic nezitholi kungu-1.5×107kg/(㎡-s), kanti ukumelana komoya kwe-acoustic kungu-400kg/(㎡-s kuphela). Ukusebenzisa i-silicon airgel enogqinsi lwe-wavelength engu-1/4 kanye nokuminyana okungaba ngu-0.3g/cm³ njengezinto ezihlanganisa i-acoustic ukumelana phakathi kwe-piezoelectric ceramics nomoya kungakhuphula ukuqina komsindo ngo-30dB, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwamagagasi e-acoustic futhi kunciphise isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-kumsindo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zedivayisi.

(6) Ukusebenza kokuhlunga. Ama-aerogels ane-nanostructured angasetshenziswa futhi njengohlobo olusha lwempahla yokuhlunga igesi esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngenxa yendawo yawo eqondile enkulu kakhulu, ososayensi babiza ama-aerogel ngokuthi “izipontshi ezinkulu” futhi alungele ukukhangisa ukungcola emanzini, ukumunca umthofu ne-mercury emanzini, okuwenza abe ukwaziswa okuhle kakhulu ukubhekana nezinhlekelele zemvelo.

(7) Izakhiwo zamehlo. I-airgel ye-SiO₂ ehlanzekile isobala futhi ayinambala, futhi inkomba yayo ye-refractive (1.006~1.06) isondelene kakhulu neyomoya, okusho ukuthi i-SiO₂ airgel cishe ayinakho ukulahlekelwa kokubonisa ekukhanyeni kwesigameko futhi ingadlulisela ngempumelelo ukukhanya kwelanga. Ngakho-ke, ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ingilazi yokwehliswa nokunciphisa umsindo.

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